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1. What is Ozone (O3) and Negative Ions (OH-)?
The formulation of Ozone is O3 which is a molecule made up of three oxygen atom. Ozone (O3) is gas that is low density, colourless under normal temperature. If the density reaches a specific level, then it will emit a unique and pleasant smell and it will have a slightly pale blue colour.
Ozone is created from the oxygen molecules by the sun’s UV light or through lightning strikes that occur during thunderstorms. The “fresh, clean, spring” smell that we often experience after a heavy rain is a result of the rich-content of ozone (O3) and negative ion (OH-) in the air. Ozone (O3) and Negative Ions (OH-) can also be found when you are deep in a forest, near the waterfall, or around the seaside or river.
2. How is Ozone (O3) and Negative Ion (OH-) applicable to our daily lives?
Ozone (O3) and Negative Ions (OH-) is extremely active. When it encountered a bacteria, virus or fungi, it ruptures the cell of the micro-organism. When it is faced with a compound like odors and pesticides, the extra atom of oxygen consumes them completely by oxidation reduction. Instead of masking the effect of unpleasant odors, ozone destructs the odor causing compounds chemically. Thereafter, the rest of ozone naturally decays back into oxygen very quickly. Ozone (O3) and Negative Ions (OH-) can:
- Eliminates bacteria, viruses, germs which exist in air and water.
- Decomposes toxic gas found in factories, car exhausts and cigarette smoke.
- Prolong the shelf life of fruits, vegetables, fishes and meats.
- Decomposes residue of agrichemicals on fruits and vegetables.
- Keep one’s skin glow and healthy.
- Deodorizes kitchen and bathrooms.
Researches by American scientists have also found that the cancer cell activities become slower after being in contact with the ozone. There are researches at the present moment on the application of Ozone (O3) for the medical treatment.
3. What kind of chemical reaction does ozone (O3) have in water?
Ozone (O3) causes oxidation reduction in water and in this reaction sterilizes and kills bacteria, viruses and chemical residues. It also refreshes, whitens and deodorizes.
| Organism Tested |
Initial Count
[cfu/ml] |
Survived Organism
[cfu/ml] |
Percentage of Elimination |
| Staphylococcus aureus |
2.1 x 105 |
3 |
99.99% |
| Escherichia coli |
6.0 x 105 |
9 |
99.99% |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
1.0 x 105 |
11 |
99.99% |
| Salmonella choleraesuis |
1.2 x 105 |
0 |
>99.99% |
| Candida albicans |
1.1 x 105 |
0 |
>99.99% |
| Aspergillus niger |
1.6 x 105 |
92 |
99.94% |
Ozone (O3) is the second most powerful sterilant in the world. It is 3,125 times faster reactive than chlorine as a bactericide, and the strongest oxidant commercially available for air and water treatment. The molecular formation of Ozone (O3) is highly unstable and can only last for about 30 minutes. It cannot be stored and must be generated for immediate use.
4. Is Ozone (O3) safe for use?
Ozone (O3) has been known for almost a century now, and there is an abundance of research and information about it. Like most things, when used correctly, Ozone (O3) is safe and causes absolutely no harm. A properly implemented and operated Ozone (O3) system poses no health hazards. In fact, Ozone (O3) is much less a danger than regular household bleach and many other cleaning chemicals found in the average home. Ozone (O3) is approved by FDA for anti-microbial treatment. It is also widely used in United States and European countries to purify drinking water, to wash fresh fruits and vegetables and for meat decontamination processing.
5. Will Ozone (O3) pollute?
Ozone is a very natural occurring chemical compound in the environment. Due to ozone's chemical instability, ozone will immediately self-deoxidize to oxygen. In so doing, that extra atom of oxygen is destroyed and all is left is oxygen (O2). Unlike soap or chemical detergent, it leaves no harmful residue for pollution.
6. How long does Ozone (O3) last?
Ozone is extremely instable and has a short life expectancy. It breaks up into oxygen in less than 30 minutes. It is very susceptible to heat, thus once ozone water is boiled, ozone turns back into oxygen quickly. Ozone cannot be stored and must be generated for immediate use.
7. Can we drink Ozone Water?
It is recommended to wait for 30 minutes after Ozone Water is generated before drinking to allow the O3 atom to dissipate. To expedite the process, we can also boil the water for immediate drinking.
Bacteria are microscopically small, single-cell creatures having a primitive structure. The bacteria body is sealed by a relatively solid-cell membrane. Ozone interferes with the metabolism of bacterium-cells, most likely through inhibiting and blocking the operation of the enzymatic control system. A sufficient amount of ozone breaks through the cell membrane, and this leads to the destruction of the bacteria.
Viruses are small, independent particles, built of crystals and macromolecules. Unlike bacteria, they multiply only within the host cell. They transform protein of the host cell into proteins of their own. Ozone destroys viruses by diffusing through the protein coat into the nucleic acid core, resulting in damage of the viral RNA. At higher concentrations, ozone destroys the capsid or exterior protein shell by oxidation so DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), or RNA (ribonucleic acid) structures of the microorganism are affected.
| Pathogen |
Dosage |
| Aspergillus Niger (Black Mount) |
Destroyed by 1.5 to 2 mg/I |
| Bacillus Bacteria |
Destroyed by 0.2 m/I within 30 seconds |
Bacillus Anthracis
(causes anthrax in sheep, cattle and pigs. Also a human pathogen) |
Ozone susceptible |
| Bacillus cereus |
99% destruction after 5-min at 0.12 mg/l in water |
| B. cereus (spores) |
99% destruction after 5-min at 2.3 mg/l in water |
| Bacillus subtilis |
90% reduction at 0.10-PPM for 33 minutes |
| Bacteriophage f2 |
99.99% destruction at 0.41 mg/l for 10-seconds in water |
| Botrytis cinerea |
3.8 mg/l for 2 minutes |
| Candida Bacteria |
Ozone susceptible |
| Clavibacter michiganense |
99.99% destruction at 1.1 mg/l for 5 minutes |
| Cladosporium |
90% reduction at 0.10-PPM for 12.1 minutes |
| Clostridium Bacteria |
Ozone susceptible |
Clostridium Botulinum Spores
(Its toxin paralyses the central nerve system, being a poison multiplying in food and meals) |
0.4 to 0.5 mg/l threshold value |
| Coxsackie Virus A9 |
95% destruction at 0.035 mg/l for 10-seconds in water |
| Coxsackie Virus B5 |
99.99% destruction at 0.4 mg/l for 2.5-minutes in sludge effluent |
| Diphtheria Pathogen |
Destroyed by 1.5 to 2 mg/l |
| Eberth Bacillus (Typhus abdomanalis). Spreads typically by aqueous infection and causes typhoid. |
Destroyed by 1.5 to 2 mg/l |
| Echo Virus 29: The virus most sensitive to ozone |
After a contact time of 1 minute at 1 mg/l of ozone, 99.999% killed |
| Enteric virus |
95% destruction at 4.1 mg/l for 29 minutes in raw wastewater |
| Escherichia Coli Bacteria (from feces) |
Destroyed by 0.2 mg/l within 30 seconds in air |
| E-coli (in clean water) |
99.99% destruction at 0.25 mg/l for 1.6 minutes |
| E-coli (in wastewater) |
99.9% destruction at 2.2 mg/l for 19 minutes |
| Encephalomyocarditis Virus |
Destroyed to zero level in less than 30 seconds with 0.1 to 0.8 mg/l |
| Endamoebic Cysts Bacteria |
Ozone susceptible |
| Enterovirus Virus |
Destroyed to zero level in less than 30 seconds with 0.1 to 0.8 mg/l |
| Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici |
1.1 mg/l for 10 minutes |
| Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonogea |
99.99 % destruction at 1.1 mg/l for 20 minutes |
| GDVII Virus |
Destroyed to zero level in less than 30 seconds with 0.1 to 0.8 mg/l |
| Hepatitis A virus |
99.5% reduction at 0.25 mg/l for 2-seconds in a phosphate buffer |
| Herpes Virus |
Destroyed to zero level in less than 30 seconds wit 0.1 to 0.8 mg/l |
| Influenza Virus |
0.4 to 0.5 mg/l threshold value |
| Klebs-Loffler Bacillus |
Destroyed by 1.5 to 2 mg/l |
| Legionella pneumophila |
99.99% destruction at 0.32 mg/l for 20 minutes in distilled water |
Luminescent Basidiomycetes
(species having no melanin pigment) |
Destroyed in 10 minutes at 100-PPM |
| Mucor piriformis |
3.8 mg/l for 2 minutes |
| Mycobacterium avium |
99.9% with a CT value of 0.17 in water |
| Mycobacterium foruitum |
90% destruction at 0.25 mg/l for 1.6 minutes in water |
| Penicillium Bacteria |
Ozone susceptible |
| Phytophthora parasitica |
3.8 mg/l for 2 minutes |
| Poliomyelitis Virus |
99.99% kill with 0.3 to 0.4 mg/l in 3-4 minutes |
| Poliovirus type 1 |
99.5% destruction at 0.25 mg/l for 1.6 minutes in water |
| Proteus Bacteria |
Very susceptible |
| Pseudomonas Bacteria |
Very susceptible |
| Rhabdovirus virus |
Destroyed to zero level in less than 30 seconds with 0.1 to 0.8 mg/l |
| Salmonella Bacteria |
Very susceptible |
| Salmonella typhimurium |
99.99% destruction at 0.25 mg/l for 1.67 minutes in water |
| Schistosoma Bacteria |
Very susceptible |
| Staph epidermidis |
90% reduction at 0.1-ppm for 1.7 min |
| Staphylococci |
Destroyed by 1.5 to 2.0 mg/l |
| Stomatitis Virus |
Destroyed to zero level in less than 30 seconds with 0.1 to 0.8 mg/l |
| Streptococcus Bacteria |
Destroyed by 0.2 mg/l within 30 seconds |
| Verticillium dahliae |
99.99 % destruction at 1.1 mg/l for 20 minutes |
| Vesicular Virus |
Destroyed to zero level in less than 30 seconds with 0.1 to 0.8 mg/l |
| Virbrio Cholera Bacteria |
Very susceptible |
| Vicia Faba progeny |
Ozone causes chromosome aberration and its effect is twice that observed by the action of X-rays |
1-mg/l = 1-PPM
Source: http://www.ozoneapplications.com/info/ozone_bacteria_mold_viruses.htm
The effect of ozone below a certain critical concentration value is small or zero. Above this level all pathogens are eventually destroyed. This effect is called all-or-none response and the critical level the "threshold value".
| Species |
Formula |
Oxidation Potential, (eV) |
Author Notes |
| Fluorine |
F |
3.06 |
- explosive in water
|
| Hydroxyl Radical |
OH- |
2.80 |
- very short half life (nano-seconds)
- can be created using ozone, hydrogen peroxide & UV light
|
| Nascent Oxygen |
O- |
2.42 |
- rapidly combines with itself to form O2, or combines with an O2 molecule to form O3
- can be created via corona discharge & UV ozone generation
|
| Ozone |
O3 |
2.07 |
- excellent oxidizer in water or air
- reverts back to oxygen
- ideal for chemical synthesis & ozonolysis reactions
|
| Hydrogen Peroxide |
H2O2 |
1.77 |
- liquid application only
|
| Hypochlorous Acid |
HOCl |
1.49 |
- primary ingredient in toilet bowl cleaners
- can give of toxic chlorine gas
|
| Chlorine |
Cl2 |
1.36 |
- very toxic & poisonous
- disagreeable odor
|
| Hypobromous Acid |
HOBr |
1.33 |
- considered a weak acid
- unstable
|
| Chlorine Dioxide |
ClO2 |
0.95 |
- used primarily for bleaching pulp wood
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1. We highly recommend that Cashido Superoanion device is positioned at least 15cm above the water tap (need not to be directly above).
2. Do NOT tighten Superoanion Mixer to the water tap by applying pressure on the inlet tip. Instead, position a spanner at the bottom of the Superoanion Mixer base
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